!function() {
  var topojson = {
    version: "1.6.19",
    mesh: function(topology) { return object(topology, meshArcs.apply(this, arguments)); },
    meshArcs: meshArcs,
    merge: function(topology) { return object(topology, mergeArcs.apply(this, arguments)); },
    mergeArcs: mergeArcs,
    feature: featureOrCollection,
    neighbors: neighbors,
    presimplify: presimplify
  };

  function stitchArcs(topology, arcs) {
    var stitchedArcs = {},
        fragmentByStart = {},
        fragmentByEnd = {},
        fragments = [],
        emptyIndex = -1;

    // Stitch empty arcs first, since they may be subsumed by other arcs.
    arcs.forEach(function(i, j) {
      var arc = topology.arcs[i < 0 ? ~i : i], t;
      if (arc.length < 3 && !arc[1][0] && !arc[1][1]) {
        t = arcs[++emptyIndex], arcs[emptyIndex] = i, arcs[j] = t;
      }
    });

    arcs.forEach(function(i) {
      var e = ends(i),
          start = e[0],
          end = e[1],
          f, g;

      if (f = fragmentByEnd[start]) {
        delete fragmentByEnd[f.end];
        f.push(i);
        f.end = end;
        if (g = fragmentByStart[end]) {
          delete fragmentByStart[g.start];
          var fg = g === f ? f : f.concat(g);
          fragmentByStart[fg.start = f.start] = fragmentByEnd[fg.end = g.end] = fg;
        } else {
          fragmentByStart[f.start] = fragmentByEnd[f.end] = f;
        }
      } else if (f = fragmentByStart[end]) {
        delete fragmentByStart[f.start];
        f.unshift(i);
        f.start = start;
        if (g = fragmentByEnd[start]) {
          delete fragmentByEnd[g.end];
          var gf = g === f ? f : g.concat(f);
          fragmentByStart[gf.start = g.start] = fragmentByEnd[gf.end = f.end] = gf;
        } else {
          fragmentByStart[f.start] = fragmentByEnd[f.end] = f;
        }
      } else {
        f = [i];
        fragmentByStart[f.start = start] = fragmentByEnd[f.end = end] = f;
      }
    });

    function ends(i) {
      var arc = topology.arcs[i < 0 ? ~i : i], p0 = arc[0], p1;
      if (topology.transform) p1 = [0, 0], arc.forEach(function(dp) { p1[0] += dp[0], p1[1] += dp[1]; });
      else p1 = arc[arc.length - 1];
      return i < 0 ? [p1, p0] : [p0, p1];
    }

    function flush(fragmentByEnd, fragmentByStart) {
      for (var k in fragmentByEnd) {
        var f = fragmentByEnd[k];
        delete fragmentByStart[f.start];
        delete f.start;
        delete f.end;
        f.forEach(function(i) { stitchedArcs[i < 0 ? ~i : i] = 1; });
        fragments.push(f);
      }
    }

    flush(fragmentByEnd, fragmentByStart);
    flush(fragmentByStart, fragmentByEnd);
    arcs.forEach(function(i) { if (!stitchedArcs[i < 0 ? ~i : i]) fragments.push([i]); });

    return fragments;
  }

  function meshArcs(topology, o, filter) {
    var arcs = [];

    if (arguments.length > 1) {
      var geomsByArc = [],
          geom;

      function arc(i) {
        var j = i < 0 ? ~i : i;
        (geomsByArc[j] || (geomsByArc[j] = [])).push({i: i, g: geom});
      }

      function line(arcs) {
        arcs.forEach(arc);
      }

      function polygon(arcs) {
        arcs.forEach(line);
      }

      function geometry(o) {
        if (o.type === "GeometryCollection") o.geometries.forEach(geometry);
        else if (o.type in geometryType) geom = o, geometryType[o.type](o.arcs);
      }

      var geometryType = {
        LineString: line,
        MultiLineString: polygon,
        Polygon: polygon,
        MultiPolygon: function(arcs) { arcs.forEach(polygon); }
      };

      geometry(o);

      geomsByArc.forEach(arguments.length < 3
          ? function(geoms) { arcs.push(geoms[0].i); }
          : function(geoms) { if (filter(geoms[0].g, geoms[geoms.length - 1].g)) arcs.push(geoms[0].i); });
    } else {
      for (var i = 0, n = topology.arcs.length; i < n; ++i) arcs.push(i);
    }

    return {type: "MultiLineString", arcs: stitchArcs(topology, arcs)};
  }

  function mergeArcs(topology, objects) {
    var polygonsByArc = {},
        polygons = [],
        components = [];

    objects.forEach(function(o) {
      if (o.type === "Polygon") register(o.arcs);
      else if (o.type === "MultiPolygon") o.arcs.forEach(register);
    });

    function register(polygon) {
      polygon.forEach(function(ring) {
        ring.forEach(function(arc) {
          (polygonsByArc[arc = arc < 0 ? ~arc : arc] || (polygonsByArc[arc] = [])).push(polygon);
        });
      });
      polygons.push(polygon);
    }

    function exterior(ring) {
      return cartesianRingArea(object(topology, {type: "Polygon", arcs: [ring]}).coordinates[0]) > 0; // TODO allow spherical?
    }

    polygons.forEach(function(polygon) {
      if (!polygon._) {
        var component = [],
            neighbors = [polygon];
        polygon._ = 1;
        components.push(component);
        while (polygon = neighbors.pop()) {
          component.push(polygon);
          polygon.forEach(function(ring) {
            ring.forEach(function(arc) {
              polygonsByArc[arc < 0 ? ~arc : arc].forEach(function(polygon) {
                if (!polygon._) {
                  polygon._ = 1;
                  neighbors.push(polygon);
                }
              });
            });
          });
        }
      }
    });

    polygons.forEach(function(polygon) {
      delete polygon._;
    });

    return {
      type: "MultiPolygon",
      arcs: components.map(function(polygons) {
        var arcs = [];

        // Extract the exterior (unique) arcs.
        polygons.forEach(function(polygon) {
          polygon.forEach(function(ring) {
            ring.forEach(function(arc) {
              if (polygonsByArc[arc < 0 ? ~arc : arc].length < 2) {
                arcs.push(arc);
              }
            });
          });
        });

        // Stitch the arcs into one or more rings.
        arcs = stitchArcs(topology, arcs);

        // If more than one ring is returned,
        // at most one of these rings can be the exterior;
        // this exterior ring has the same winding order
        // as any exterior ring in the original polygons.
        if ((n = arcs.length) > 1) {
          var sgn = exterior(polygons[0][0]);
          for (var i = 0, t; i < n; ++i) {
            if (sgn === exterior(arcs[i])) {
              t = arcs[0], arcs[0] = arcs[i], arcs[i] = t;
              break;
            }
          }
        }

        return arcs;
      })
    };
  }

  function featureOrCollection(topology, o) {
    return o.type === "GeometryCollection" ? {
      type: "FeatureCollection",
      features: o.geometries.map(function(o) { return feature(topology, o); })
    } : feature(topology, o);
  }

  function feature(topology, o) {
    var f = {
      type: "Feature",
      id: o.id,
      properties: o.properties || {},
      geometry: object(topology, o)
    };
    if (o.id == null) delete f.id;
    return f;
  }

  function object(topology, o) {
    var absolute = transformAbsolute(topology.transform),
        arcs = topology.arcs;

    function arc(i, points) {
      if (points.length) points.pop();
      for (var a = arcs[i < 0 ? ~i : i], k = 0, n = a.length, p; k < n; ++k) {
        points.push(p = a[k].slice());
        absolute(p, k);
      }
      if (i < 0) reverse(points, n);
    }

    function point(p) {
      p = p.slice();
      absolute(p, 0);
      return p;
    }

    function line(arcs) {
      var points = [];
      for (var i = 0, n = arcs.length; i < n; ++i) arc(arcs[i], points);
      if (points.length < 2) points.push(points[0].slice());
      return points;
    }

    function ring(arcs) {
      var points = line(arcs);
      while (points.length < 4) points.push(points[0].slice());
      return points;
    }

    function polygon(arcs) {
      return arcs.map(ring);
    }

    function geometry(o) {
      var t = o.type;
      return t === "GeometryCollection" ? {type: t, geometries: o.geometries.map(geometry)}
          : t in geometryType ? {type: t, coordinates: geometryType[t](o)}
          : null;
    }

    var geometryType = {
      Point: function(o) { return point(o.coordinates); },
      MultiPoint: function(o) { return o.coordinates.map(point); },
      LineString: function(o) { return line(o.arcs); },
      MultiLineString: function(o) { return o.arcs.map(line); },
      Polygon: function(o) { return polygon(o.arcs); },
      MultiPolygon: function(o) { return o.arcs.map(polygon); }
    };

    return geometry(o);
  }

  function reverse(array, n) {
    var t, j = array.length, i = j - n; while (i < --j) t = array[i], array[i++] = array[j], array[j] = t;
  }

  function bisect(a, x) {
    var lo = 0, hi = a.length;
    while (lo < hi) {
      var mid = lo + hi >>> 1;
      if (a[mid] < x) lo = mid + 1;
      else hi = mid;
    }
    return lo;
  }

  function neighbors(objects) {
    var indexesByArc = {}, // arc index -> array of object indexes
        neighbors = objects.map(function() { return []; });

    function line(arcs, i) {
      arcs.forEach(function(a) {
        if (a < 0) a = ~a;
        var o = indexesByArc[a];
        if (o) o.push(i);
        else indexesByArc[a] = [i];
      });
    }

    function polygon(arcs, i) {
      arcs.forEach(function(arc) { line(arc, i); });
    }

    function geometry(o, i) {
      if (o.type === "GeometryCollection") o.geometries.forEach(function(o) { geometry(o, i); });
      else if (o.type in geometryType) geometryType[o.type](o.arcs, i);
    }

    var geometryType = {
      LineString: line,
      MultiLineString: polygon,
      Polygon: polygon,
      MultiPolygon: function(arcs, i) { arcs.forEach(function(arc) { polygon(arc, i); }); }
    };

    objects.forEach(geometry);

    for (var i in indexesByArc) {
      for (var indexes = indexesByArc[i], m = indexes.length, j = 0; j < m; ++j) {
        for (var k = j + 1; k < m; ++k) {
          var ij = indexes[j], ik = indexes[k], n;
          if ((n = neighbors[ij])[i = bisect(n, ik)] !== ik) n.splice(i, 0, ik);
          if ((n = neighbors[ik])[i = bisect(n, ij)] !== ij) n.splice(i, 0, ij);
        }
      }
    }

    return neighbors;
  }

  function presimplify(topology, triangleArea) {
    var absolute = transformAbsolute(topology.transform),
        relative = transformRelative(topology.transform),
        heap = minAreaHeap();

    if (!triangleArea) triangleArea = cartesianTriangleArea;

    topology.arcs.forEach(function(arc) {
      var triangles = [],
          maxArea = 0,
          triangle;

      // To store each point’s effective area, we create a new array rather than
      // extending the passed-in point to workaround a Chrome/V8 bug (getting
      // stuck in smi mode). For midpoints, the initial effective area of
      // Infinity will be computed in the next step.
      for (var i = 0, n = arc.length, p; i < n; ++i) {
        p = arc[i];
        absolute(arc[i] = [p[0], p[1], Infinity], i);
      }

      for (var i = 1, n = arc.length - 1; i < n; ++i) {
        triangle = arc.slice(i - 1, i + 2);
        triangle[1][2] = triangleArea(triangle);
        triangles.push(triangle);
        heap.push(triangle);
      }

      for (var i = 0, n = triangles.length; i < n; ++i) {
        triangle = triangles[i];
        triangle.previous = triangles[i - 1];
        triangle.next = triangles[i + 1];
      }

      while (triangle = heap.pop()) {
        var previous = triangle.previous,
            next = triangle.next;

        // If the area of the current point is less than that of the previous point
        // to be eliminated, use the latter's area instead. This ensures that the
        // current point cannot be eliminated without eliminating previously-
        // eliminated points.
        if (triangle[1][2] < maxArea) triangle[1][2] = maxArea;
        else maxArea = triangle[1][2];

        if (previous) {
          previous.next = next;
          previous[2] = triangle[2];
          update(previous);
        }

        if (next) {
          next.previous = previous;
          next[0] = triangle[0];
          update(next);
        }
      }

      arc.forEach(relative);
    });

    function update(triangle) {
      heap.remove(triangle);
      triangle[1][2] = triangleArea(triangle);
      heap.push(triangle);
    }

    return topology;
  };

  function cartesianRingArea(ring) {
    var i = -1,
        n = ring.length,
        a,
        b = ring[n - 1],
        area = 0;

    while (++i < n) {
      a = b;
      b = ring[i];
      area += a[0] * b[1] - a[1] * b[0];
    }

    return area * .5;
  }

  function cartesianTriangleArea(triangle) {
    var a = triangle[0], b = triangle[1], c = triangle[2];
    return Math.abs((a[0] - c[0]) * (b[1] - a[1]) - (a[0] - b[0]) * (c[1] - a[1]));
  }

  function compareArea(a, b) {
    return a[1][2] - b[1][2];
  }

  function minAreaHeap() {
    var heap = {},
        array = [],
        size = 0;

    heap.push = function(object) {
      up(array[object._ = size] = object, size++);
      return size;
    };

    heap.pop = function() {
      if (size <= 0) return;
      var removed = array[0], object;
      if (--size > 0) object = array[size], down(array[object._ = 0] = object, 0);
      return removed;
    };

    heap.remove = function(removed) {
      var i = removed._, object;
      if (array[i] !== removed) return; // invalid request
      if (i !== --size) object = array[size], (compareArea(object, removed) < 0 ? up : down)(array[object._ = i] = object, i);
      return i;
    };

    function up(object, i) {
      while (i > 0) {
        var j = ((i + 1) >> 1) - 1,
            parent = array[j];
        if (compareArea(object, parent) >= 0) break;
        array[parent._ = i] = parent;
        array[object._ = i = j] = object;
      }
    }

    function down(object, i) {
      while (true) {
        var r = (i + 1) << 1,
            l = r - 1,
            j = i,
            child = array[j];
        if (l < size && compareArea(array[l], child) < 0) child = array[j = l];
        if (r < size && compareArea(array[r], child) < 0) child = array[j = r];
        if (j === i) break;
        array[child._ = i] = child;
        array[object._ = i = j] = object;
      }
    }

    return heap;
  }

  function transformAbsolute(transform) {
    if (!transform) return noop;
    var x0,
        y0,
        kx = transform.scale[0],
        ky = transform.scale[1],
        dx = transform.translate[0],
        dy = transform.translate[1];
    return function(point, i) {
      if (!i) x0 = y0 = 0;
      point[0] = (x0 += point[0]) * kx + dx;
      point[1] = (y0 += point[1]) * ky + dy;
    };
  }

  function transformRelative(transform) {
    if (!transform) return noop;
    var x0,
        y0,
        kx = transform.scale[0],
        ky = transform.scale[1],
        dx = transform.translate[0],
        dy = transform.translate[1];
    return function(point, i) {
      if (!i) x0 = y0 = 0;
      var x1 = (point[0] - dx) / kx | 0,
          y1 = (point[1] - dy) / ky | 0;
      point[0] = x1 - x0;
      point[1] = y1 - y0;
      x0 = x1;
      y0 = y1;
    };
  }

  function noop() {}

  if (typeof define === "function" && define.amd) define(topojson);
  else if (typeof module === "object" && module.exports) module.exports = topojson;
  else this.topojson = topojson;
}();